Seafood waste derived carbon nanomaterials for removal and detection of food safety hazards.

Nanobiotechnology and the engineering of nanomaterials are currently the main focus of many researches. Seafood waste carbon nanomaterials (SWCNs) are a renewable resource with large surface area, porous structure, high reactivity, and abundant active sites. They efficiently adsorb food contaminants through π-π conjugated, ion exchange, and electrostatic interaction. Furthermore, SWCNs prepared from seafood waste are rich in N and O functional groups. They have high quantum yield (QY) and excellent fluorescence properties, making them promising materials for the removal and detection of pollutants. It provides an opportunity by which solutions to the long-term challenges of the food industry in assessing food safety, maintaining food quality, detecting contaminants and pretreating samples can be found. In addition, carbon nanomaterials can be used as adsorbents to reduce environmental pollutants and prevent food safety problems from the source. In this paper, the types of SWCNs are reviewed; the synthesis, properties and applications of SWCNs are reviewed and the raw material selection, preparation methods, reaction conditions and formation mechanisms of biomass-based carbon materials are studied in depth. Finally, the advantages of seafood waste carbon and its composite materials in pollutant removal and detection were discussed, and existing problems were pointed out, which provided ideas for the future development and research directions of this interesting and versatile material. Based on the concept of waste pricing and a recycling economy, the aim of this paper is to outline current trends and the future potential to transform residues from the seafood waste sector into valuable biological (nano) materials, and to apply them to food safety.

Bimetallic Fe/Ni metal organic framework-based hypoxanthine biosensor for early monitoring of freshness changes of aquatic products.

The timely detection of freshness changes of aquatic products is crucial. In this study, we have developed a reliable, cost-effective, and user-friendly method for rapidly detecting hypoxanthine using a xanthine oxidase (XOD)/nanozyme enzymatic cascade system. The nanozyme, derived from the Fe7/Ni3 metal-organic framework (Fe7Ni3MOF), exhibited good peroxidase-mimetic activity and stability. Our proposed XOD/Fe7Ni3MOF enzymatic cascade system demonstrated a linear response to hypoxanthine in the range of 3-70 µM, with a low detection limit of 1.39 µM. We also analyzed hypoxanthine in actual aquatic products, achieving spiked recoveries ranging from 90.04 % to 107.37 %. The correlation coefficient between our developed colorimetric method and the HPLC method was 0.98. Importantly, our proposed method holds several advantages over alternative techniques, particularly in terms of cost-effectiveness, precision, and speed. Consequently, this methodology shows great promise for the early detection of freshness changes in aquatic samples.

Electroacupuncture suppresses neuronal ferroptosis to relieve chronic neuropathic pain.

Growing evidence supports the analgesic efficacy of electroacupuncture (EA) in managing chronic neuropathic pain (NP) in both patients and NP models induced by peripheral nerve injury. However, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Ferroptosis, a novel form of programmed cell death, has been found to be activated during NP development, while EA has shown potential in promoting neurological recovery following acute cerebral injury by targeting ferroptosis. In this study, to investigate the detailed mechanism underlying EA intervention on NP, male Sprague-Dawley rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced NP model received EA treatment at acupoints ST36 and GV20 for 14 days. Results demonstrated that EA effectively attenuated CCI-induced pain hypersensitivity and mitigated neuron damage and loss in the spinal cord of NP rats. Moreover, EA reversed the oxidative stress-mediated spinal ferroptosis phenotype by upregulating reduced expression of xCT, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and downregulating increased expression of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4), malondialdehyde levels and iron overload. Furthermore, EA increased the immunofluorescence co-staining of GPX4 in neurons cells of the spinal cord of CCI rats. Mechanistic analysis unveiled that the inhibition of antioxidant pathway of Nrf2 signalling via its specific inhibitor, ML385, significantly countered EA's protective effect against neuronal ferroptosis in NP rats while marginally diminishing its analgesic effect. These findings suggest that EA treatment at acupoints ST36 and GV20 may protect against NP by inhibiting neuronal ferroptosis in the spinal cord, partially through the activation of Nrf2 signalling.

Spectral data fusion in nondestructive detection of food products: Strategies, recent applications, and future perspectives.

In recent years, the food industry has shown a growing interest in the development of rapid and nondestructive analytical methods. However, the utilization of a solitary nondestructive detection technique offers only a constrained extent of physical or chemical insights regarding the sample under examination. To overcome this limitation, the amalgamation of spectroscopy with data fusion strategies has emerged as a promising approach. This comprehensive review delves into the fundamental principles and merits of low-level, mid-level, and high-level data fusion strategies within the domain of food analysis. Various data fusion techniques encompassing spectra-to-spectra, spectra-to-machine vision, spectra-to-electronic nose, and spectra-to-nuclear magnetic resonance are summarized. Moreover, this review also provides an overview of the latest applications of spectral data fusion techniques (SDFTs) for classification, adulteration, quality evaluation, and contaminant detection within the purview of food safety analysis. It also addresses current challenges and future prospects associated with SDFTs in real-world applications. Despite the extant technical intricacy, the ongoing evolution of online data fusion platforms and the emergence of smartphone-based multi-sensor fusion detection technology augur well for the pragmatic realization of SDFTs, endowing them with formidable capabilities for both qualitative and quantitative analysis in the realm of food analysis.

Efficacy and safety of bloodletting puncture and cupping in postherpetic neuralgia: A systematic review and meta­analysis.

The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bloodletting puncture and cupping (BLP-C) in postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and to provide guidance for clinical treatment. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of BLP-C therapy in PHN were systematically searched in eight databases from inception to September 2022. Literature screening, data extraction and quality assessment were performed by two independent researchers. Dichotomous and continuous variables were pooled using the risk ratio (RR) and weighted mean difference (WMD), respectively. A total of 13 studies involving 1,129 patients with PHN (571 in the experimental group and 558 in the control group) were included in the present meta-analysis. Overall efficacy (RR=1.21, 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.28, P<0.00001), VAS score (WMD=-1.10, 95% CI: -1.31 to -0.90, P<0.00001) and PSQI score (WMD=-2.42, 95% CI: -2.87 to -1.96, P<0.0001) were significantly different between the BLP-C group and Western medicine group. Furthermore, subgroup analysis demonstrated that BLP-C alone or combined with other traditional Chinese medicines was more effective than Western medicine in PHN. A total of four RCTs mentioned adverse reactions, most of which were in the Western medicine group and were relieved after treatment discontinuation. In conclusion, BLP-C is superior to Western medicine in relieving pain and improving the sleep quality of patients with PHN with a lower incidence of adverse effects.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated M1 macrophage-dependent nanomedicine remodels inflammatory microenvironment for osteoarthritis recession.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic inflammatory disorder. Effective remodeling of inflammatory microenvironment in the joint is a promising strategy to prevent OA. However, current drugs remain unsatisfactory due to a lack of targeted and effective ways for relieving inflammatory conditions in OA joints. Bortezomib (BTZ), a proteasome inhibitor, could effectively inhibit proinflammatory cytokines but with poor accumulation in the inflammatory tissues. To overcome the shortcomings of BTZ delivery and to improve the efficacy of OA therapy, herein, we designed a novel nanomedicine (denoted as BTZ@PTK) by the co-assembly of BTZ and an amphiphilic copolymer (denoted as PTK) with ROS-cleaved thioketal (TK) linkages. The TK units in BTZ@PTK are first cleaved by the excessive ROS at OA sites, and then triggered the controlled release of BTZ, resulting in the accurate delivery and the inflammatory microenvironment remodeling. Accordingly, BTZ@PTK suppressed ROS generation and proinflammatory cytokines while promoting M1 macrophage apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 macrophages or LPS/IFN-γ-treated primary macrophages, which leads to a better effect than BTZ. In OA mice, BTZ@PTK passively accumulates into inflamed joints to attenuate pain sensitivity and gait abnormality. Importantly, BTZ@PTK treatment successfully ameliorates synovitis with the reduction of synovial hyperplasia and synovitis scores by suppressing M1 macrophage polarization and promoting M1 macrophage apoptosis in the synovium, thereby delaying cartilage damage. Collectively, BTZ@PTK can effectively modulate inflammatory microenvironment for OA recession by activating M1 macrophage apoptosis and inhibiting M1macrophage-mediated inflammatory response.

Enhanced Anti/De-Icing Performance on Rough Surfaces Based on The Synergistic Effect of Fluorinated Resin and Embedded Graphene.

Icing negatively impacts various industrial sectors and daily life, often leading to severe safety problems and substantial economic losses. In this work, a fluorinated resin coating with embedded graphene nanoflakes is prepared using a spin-coating curing process. The results shows that the ice adhesion strength is reduced by ≈97.0% compared to the mirrored aluminum plate, and the icing time is delayed by a factor of 46.3 under simulated solar radiation power of 96 mW cm-2 (1 sun) at an ambient temperature of -15 °C. The superior anti/de-icing properties of the coating are mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of the fluorinated resin with a low surface energy, the rough structure of the sandblasted aluminum plate, which reduces the contact area, and the embedded graphene nanoflakes with a superior photothermal effect. Furthermore, the hydrogen bonding competition effect between the exposed-edge oxygen-containing functional groups of the embedded graphene nanoflakes and water molecules further improves the anti-icing properties. This work proposes a facile preparation method to prepare coatings with excellent anti/de-icing properties, offering significant potential for large-scale engineering applications.

On the use of deep learning for phase recovery.

Phase recovery (PR) refers to calculating the phase of the light field from its intensity measurements. As exemplified from quantitative phase imaging and coherent diffraction imaging to adaptive optics, PR is essential for reconstructing the refractive index distribution or topography of an object and correcting the aberration of an imaging system. In recent years, deep learning (DL), often implemented through deep neural networks, has provided unprecedented support for computational imaging, leading to more efficient solutions for various PR problems. In this review, we first briefly introduce conventional methods for PR. Then, we review how DL provides support for PR from the following three stages, namely, pre-processing, in-processing, and post-processing. We also review how DL is used in phase image processing. Finally, we summarize the work in DL for PR and provide an outlook on how to better use DL to improve the reliability and efficiency of PR. Furthermore, we present a live-updating resource ( https://github.com/kqwang/phase-recovery ) for readers to learn more about PR.

Comparison of 2 Anesthetic Methods for Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study.

STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effect and safety of 2 anesthetic methods using in the operation of Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy. METHODS: From the January of 2020 to the December of 2021, 230 consecutive patients that underwent TELD were applied with two methods of anesthesia. All the patients were divided into two groups. The Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC) group used the local anesthesia (LA) with MAC that based on the combination of dexmedetomidine and butorphanol tartrate. The LA group used the local anesthesia only. Then the Visual Analogic Scale (VAS) through the operating period was compared between the two groups at the time points of before operation (T0), inserting of the puncture needle (T1), establishing of the working cannula (T2), excision of the fibrous rings (T3) and immediately postoperatively (T4). Also, the satisfaction degree of the patients for the course of the operations and the occurrence of the complications were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: There were no differences of the VAS around the operating area at the time point of T0. Then the MAC group expressed lower scores at all other points of T1, T2, T3 and T4. Then the satisfaction degree of the MAC group was superior than the LA group. No difference was observed for the occurrence of the complications. CONCLUSIONS: MAC based on the combination of dexmedetomidine and butorphanol tartrate is an ideal method of anesthesia for TELD with enough effect and safety.

Aumolertinib: effective treatment for asymptomatic pulmonary giant cell carcinoma with EGFR L858R mutation - a case report.

Aumolertinib, as a novel third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), has been widely employed as a first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with EGFR mutation. However, reports regarding the benefit of using aumolertinib as a monotherapy in pulmonary giant cell carcinoma are relatively scarce. In this report, we present a pulmonary giant cell carcinoma case harboring the EGFR Leu858Arg (L858R) mutation, with the patient at stage cT2bN3M1c IVB. Through the use of autolearning as a single agent, we effectively controlled the progression of pulmonary giant cell carcinoma, achieving a 6-month progression-free survival during the treatment course. Notably, the patient's tumor not only ceased its growth but also continued to shrink, highlighting a significant therapeutic effect. This case reveals the effectiveness of aumolertinib as a monotherapy in controlling disease progression. The finding underscores the therapeutic advantage of aumolertinib in this particular subgroup of patients, offering a novel treatment option for pulmonary giant cell carcinoma.

Efficient Hapten-Specific Biopanning Strategy Based on the Fe3O4@ENR-Functionalized Core-Shell Magnetic Nanoparticles.

The biopanning of target-specific phages is one of the most critical steps in the preparation of single-domain antibodies. In the traditional biopanning of haptens, the nonspecific binding of library phages to macromolecular proteins is one of the most challenging problems in preparing single-domain antibodies. In this research, Fe3O4@ENR-functionalized core-shell magnetic nanoparticles (FMNPs) were silylated and aminated by tetraethyl orthosilicate and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, and target enrofloxacin was coupled onto the surface by the carbodiimide method. The magnetic nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, particle size distribution, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy observation, and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A biopanning strategy based on Fe3O4@ENR FMNPs was then established to solve the problem in the traditional solid-phase biopanning process. The results showed that a considerable number of enrofloxacin (ENR)-positive phages were screened by only one round of biopanning. Finally, two ENR-specific shark-derived single-domain genes were identified and validated by monoclonal phage ELISA, gene sequencing, and biolayer interferometry technology. Our study provides a new biopanning strategy based on Fe3O4@ENR FMNPs for efficiently providing phages specific to haptens.

Anti-Melanogenesis and Anti-Photoaging Effects of the Sulfated Polysaccharides Isolated from the Brown Seaweed Padina boryana.

Sulfated polysaccharides isolated from seaweeds are thought of as ideal ingredients in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetics industries. Our previous study isolated and characterized sulfated polysaccharides from Padina boryana. The sulfated polysaccharides of Padina boryana (PBP) were extracted, and the antioxidant activity of PBP was evaluated. The results indicate that PBP possesses antioxidant effects and potential in the cosmetic industry. To further investigate the potential of PBP in cosmetics, the photoprotective and anti-melanogenesis effects of PBP were evaluated. The anti-melanogenesis test results display that PBP reduced the melanin content in the murine melanoma cells stimulated by alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone from 203.7% to 183.64%, 144.63%, and 127.57% at concentrations of 25 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL, and 100 µg/mL, respectively. The anti-photodamage test results showed that PBP significantly protected skin cells against UVB-stimulated photodamage. PBP suppressed human epidermal keratinocyte (HaCaT cell) death by inhibiting apoptosis and reducing the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species. The intracellular reactive oxygen species level of HaCaT cells irradiated by UVB was reduced from 192.67% to 181.22%, 170.25%, and 160.48% by 25 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL, and 100 µg/mL PBP, respectively. In addition, PBP remarkably reduced UVB-induced human dermal fibroblast damage by suppressing oxidative damage, inhibiting collagen degradation, and attenuating inflammatory responses. These results indicate that PBP possesses photoprotective and anti-melanogenesis activities and suggest that PBP is a potential ingredient in the cosmetic industry.

On-site detection of chloramphenicol in fish using SERS-based magnetic aptasensor coupled with a handheld Raman spectrometer.

In recent years, the rapid detection of chloramphenicol (CAP) has become a market demand due to its high toxicity. In this study, for the first time, a portable surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) aptasensor for the rapid and on-site detection of chloramphenicol (CAP) residues in fish was developed. Fe3O4@Au nanoflowers combined with sulfhydryl (SH)-CAP aptamer complementary DNA acted as capture probes. SH-CAP aptamer modified Au@Ag nanoparticles (Au@Ag NPs) embedded with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) were served as reporter probes. The strongest Raman intensity was produced due to the coupling of Fe3O4@Au nanoflowers (Fe3O4@Au NFs) and Au@Ag NPs. For CAP detection, a wide linear range from 0.001 to 1000 µg/L, with an R2 of 0.9805, was obtained. The limit of detection was determined to be 0.87 ng/L. The SERS aptasensor showed excellent performance for analytical applications for real fish samples. Compared with the conventional HPLC method, the developed SERS aptasensor coupled with a handheld Raman spectrometer had flexible application and avoided the limitations of complex operating conditions. It should be a promising portable analytical tool for analysis of drug residues in the field.

Characterization, specific recognition, and the performance in fish matrix of a shark-derived single-domain antibody against enrofloxacin.

The third generation of genetic engineering antibodies, single-domain antibodies, have been widely reported as potential biomaterials in recognizing small molecular hazards. In this study, a shark-derived single-domain antibody was used as the recognition element for the first time to detect enrofloxacin (ENR), one of the most representative hazards in aquaculture. An ENR-specific clone named 2E6 was isolated by phage display technology. Experimental results proved that 2E6 ssdAb showed high affinity to ENR-PEI complete antigen, with the highest OD450 value of 1.348 in binding ELISA. Through icELISA, it was determined that the IC50 of 2E6 ssdAb to ENR was 19.230 ng/mL, while the IC10 was 0.975 ng/mL, with rare recognition to other fluoroquinolones, which showed high sensitivity and specificity to ENR. The 2E6 ssdAb also performed excellently in fish matrix immunoassay. Results showed that the ENR-negative fish matrix did not seriously interfere with the recognition of 2E6 ssdAb to ENR-OVA, with the matrix index between 4.85% and 11.75%, while the results of icELISA in ENR-spiked fish matrix showed that 2E6 ssdAb could recognize the target ENR in different ENR-spiked concentrations of the fish matrix (10-1000 ng/mL), with the recovery between 89.30% and 126.38% and the RSD between 1.95% and 9.83%. This study broadens the application scenario of shark-derived single-domain antibodies as small molecule recognition biomaterials, providing a new recognition element on ENR detection for immunoassay.

Construction of a prognostic model for lung adenocarcinoma based on membrane-tension-related genes.

Background: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), which is the most common type of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is one of the most aggressive and fatal tumors. Therefore, the identification of key biomarkers affecting prognosis is important to improving the prognosis of patients with LUAD. Cell membranes have long been understood; however, few studies have focused on the role of membrane tension in LUAD. The present study aimed to construct a prognostic model associated with membrane-tension-related genes (MRGs) and explore its prognostic value in LUAD patients. Methods: RNA sequencing data and the corresponding clinical characteristics data of LUAD were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Five membrane-tension prognosis-related genes (5-MRG) were screened by univariate and multifactorial COX regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analyses. The data were then divided into testing, training, and all groups to build a prognostic model, and Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), copy number variations (CNV), tumor mutation burden (TMB), and tumor microenvironment (TME) analyses were performed to explore the potential mechanisms of MRGs. Finally, single-cell data from the GSE200972 dataset in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were obtained to determine the distribution of prognostic MRGs. Results: Construction and validation of the prognostic risk models were conducted using 5-MRG in the trial, test, and all data sets. Patients in the low-risk group had a better prognosis than those in the high-risk group, and the Kaplan-Meier survival curve and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) confirmed that the model had a better predictive value for LUAD patients. GO and KEGG analyses of differential genes in the high- and low-risk groups were significantly enriched in immune-related pathways. Immune checkpoint (ICP) differential genes differed significantly in the high- and low-risk groups. By analyzing the single-cell sequencing data, the cells were divided into nine subpopulations and cell subpopulation localization through 5-MRG. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that a prognostic model based on prognosis-associated MRGs can be used to predict the prognosis of LUAD patients. Therefore, prognosis-related MRGs could be potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Biopanning, Heterologous Expression, and Characterization of a Shark-Derived Single-Domain Antibody Fusion Protein against Pancreatic Lipase.

Nowadays, obesity severely impacts human health and is the fifth leading risk factor that leads to death globally. Pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitors have attracted extensive attention owing to their role in effective prevention and treatment of obesity. Here, a shark-derived single-domain antibody fusion protein was used to inhibit PL for the first time. After biopanning, the heterologous expression system pET28a-SUMO-D2 was constructed using the method of double restriction enzyme digestion and T4 ligase to achieve the soluble expression of the PL-specific antibody gene D2. According to the calculation of protein concentration, the final expression of fusion protein PL-D2S was 1.183 mg per liter of Luria Bertani broth. The binding ability of the soluble fusion protein PL-D2S to PL was identified. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that the fusion protein PL-D2S exhibited a strong binding affinity to PL. The experimental results of PL inhibition of PL-D2S in vitro showed that the fusion protein could significantly inhibit the activity of PL, with an IC50 of 404 µg/mL. Our study shows that the fusion protein PL-D2S is a potential PL inhibitor to prevent and treat obesity.

Rapid identification of fish species by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy coupled with machine learning methods.

There has been an increasing demand for the rapid verification of fish authenticity and the detection of adulteration. In this work, we combined LIBS and Raman spectroscopy for the fish species identification for the first time. Two machine learning methods of SVM and CNN are used to establish the classification models based on the LIBS and Raman data obtained from 13 types of fish species. Data fusion strategies including low-level, mid-level and high-level fusions are used for the combination of LIBS and Raman data. It shows that all these data fusion strategies offer a significant improvement in fish classification compared with the individual LIBS or Raman data, and the CNN model works more powerfully than the SVM model. The low-level fusion CNN model provides a best classification accuracy of 98.2%, while the mid-level fusion involved with feature selection improves the computing efficiency and gains the interpretability of CNN.

SERS detection of thiram using polyacrylamide hydrogel-enclosed gold nanoparticle aggregates.

The development of sensitive and long-term signal-stable plasmonic substrates is vital to the in-field application of the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique. The colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) system is commonly used in SERS detection, but it shows less signal stability and reproducibility due to the uncontrollable aggregation of nanoparticles by adding aggregating agents in SERS detection. In this study, we developed a new SERS detection platform based on polyacrylamide hydrogel-enclosed plasmonic gold nanoparticle aggregates (PAH-AuANs). In the system, the formation of PAH can rapidly stabilize the gold nanoparticle aggregates, avoiding the over-aggregation or precipitation of AuNPs. With the PAH concentration in the range of 6-10 % and AuNPs at the concentration of 0.2 nM, the resulting PAH-AuNAs platform exhibited both sensitive SERS activity and excellent SERS signal stability. The relative standard deviation of the 4-MBA probe SERS signal collected from the PAH-AuNAs platform was lower than 3 %. The limit of detection for the pesticide thiram was down to 0.38 µg/L with a handheld Raman spectrometer. Moreover, the procedure for preparing the PAH-AuNAs platform was easy to handle, offering a new strategy for in-field detection of environmental contaminants with a handheld Raman spectrometer in the future.

Antioxidant and anti-photoaging effects of a fucoidan isolated from Turbinaria ornata.

Fucoidans isolated from brown seaweeds are potential ingredients in the cosmetic industry. In our preosvious study, a fucoidan was isolated from the brown seaweed Turbinaria ornata (TO-F10) and the anti-inflammatory effect of TO-F10 was evaluated. In order to further explore the potential of TO-F10 in cosmetics, in the present study, antioxidant and photoprotective effects of TO-F10 were investigated. TO-F10 remarkably protected Vero cells against AAPH-stimulated cell death by reducing apoptosis via scavenging intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, TO-F10 increased the survival rate of AAPH-treated zebrafish by suppressing oxidative stress displayed in reducing the levels of ROS, cell death, and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, TO-F10 effectively attenuated UVB-induced in vitro and in vivo photodamage. TO-F10 increased the viability of UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes via suppressing apoptosis by reducing the intracellular ROS level. Besides, TO-F10 effectively attenuated in vivo photodamage stimulated by UVB irradiation via inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory response in zebrafish. These results demonstrate that TO-F10 possesses in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and photoprotective effects, and suggest TO-F10 is a potential ingredient in the cosmetic industry.

Engineered nanomaterials-based sensing systems for assessing the freshness of meat and aquatic products: A state-of-the-art review.

Meat and aquatic products are susceptible to spoilage during distribution, transportation, and storage, increasing the urgency of freshness evaluation. Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) typically with the diameter in the range of 1-100 nm exhibit fascinating physicochemical properties. ENMs-based sensing systems have received extensive attention for food freshness assessment due to the advantages of being fast, simple, and sensitive. This review focuses on summarizing the recent application of ENMs-based sensing systems for food freshness detection. First, chemical indicators related to the freshness of meat and aquatic products are described. Then, how to apply the ENMs including noble metal nanomaterials, metal oxide nanomaterials, carbon nanomaterials, and metal-organic frameworks for the construction of different sensing systems were described. Besides, the recent advance in ENMs-based colorimetric, fluorescent, electrochemical, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy sensing systems for assessing the freshness of meat and aquatic products were outlined. Finally, the challenges and future research perspectives for the application of ENMs-based sensing systems were discussed. The ENMs-based sensing systems have been demonstrated as effective tools for freshness evaluation. The sensing performance of ENMs employed in different sensing systems depends on their composition, size, shape, and stability of nanoparticles. For the real application of ENMs in food industries, the risks and regulatory issues associated with nanomaterials need to be further considered. With the continuous development of nanomaterials and sensing devices, the ENMs-based sensors are expected to be applied in-field for rapid detection of the freshness of meat and aquatic products in the future.